Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.
Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).
Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

Formal and Informal fallacies

1. ‘All republics are grateful’ and ‘Some republics are not grateful’ cannot both be true, and they cannot both be false. This is called as:

(A) contraries

(B) contradictories

(C) subaltern

(D) super altern

Answer : B

2. Through which research method, the manipulation of an independent variable and its effect on dependent variable is examined with reference to a hypothesis under controlled conditions?

(A) Ex-post facto research

(B) Descriptive research

(C) Case study research

(D) Experimental research

Answer : D

3. Which among the following best describes the Emotional Intelligence of learners?

(a) Understand the emotion of other people and your own

(b) Express oneself very strongly

(c) Being rational in thinking

(d) Adjusting one’s emotion as per situation

(e) Being creative and open to criticism

(f) Accepting other people as they are                                             

Choose your answer from the options given below:

(A) (a), (d) and (f)

(B) (d), (e) and (f)

(C) (a), (b) and (c)

(D) (b), (c) and (d)

Answer : A

4. Which of the following statements explains the concepts of inclusive teaching?

(A) Teacher facilitates the learning of the gifted students.

(B) Teacher facilitates the learning of the weak students.

(C) Teacher takes support of parents of the students to make them learn.

(D) Teacher makes the students of different backgrounds to learn together in the same class.

Answer : D

5. Bibliography given in a research report:

(A) Helps those interested in further research.

(B) Shows the vast knowledge of the researcher.

(C) Makes the report authentic.

(D) Is an optional part of the report.

Answer : A

6. The research design is specifically related to which of the following features in research?

(i) Sample selection

(ii) Formulation of a plan

(iii) Deciding about the tool for data collection

(iv) Hypothesis making

(v)  Choice of a field of inquiry

Select your answer from the options given below.

(A) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(C) (ii), (iv) and (v)

(D) (iii), (iv) and (v)

Answer : B

7. Who developed the theory of ‘Multiple Intelligence’?

(A) Alfred Binet

(B) L. Thurstone

(C) Charles Spearman

(D) Howard Gardner

Answer : D         

8. To organize discussion method in teaching effectively, which of the following  condition should be met?

(a) Topic be easy

(b) Topic be declared in advance

(c) Topic of common interest

(d) Availability of more than one teacher

(e) Language facility of participants

Select appropriate answer from the options given below:

(A) (b), (c) and (e)

(B) (a), (b) and (c)

(C) (a), (b) and (e)

(D) (c), (d) and (e)

Answer : A

9. From the list of the effective teaching behaviours, identify those which are called key behaviours.

(i) Direct, audible and oral delivery to all students.

(ii) Encouraging students to elaborate on an answer.

(iii) Warm and nurturing relationship with learners.

(iv) Varying modes of presentation.

(v) Preventing misbehaviour with a minimum of class disruption.

(vi) Organising what is to come and summarising what has gone before.

Select  your answer from the options given below:

(A) (i), (iv) and (v)

(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(C) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(D) (iv), (v) and (vi)

 Answer : A

10. Which of the following is a plagiarism checking website?

(A) http://go.turnitin.com

(B) http://www.researchgate.com

(C) http://www.editorial.elsevier.com

(D) http://www.grammarly.com

Answer : D, A

Q. (11-15): Michelangelo is famous for having successfully interpreted the human body. His great achievement is that of the painting of David whose hands reach out as a sign of human body. His great achievement is that of the painting of David whose hands reach out as a sign of human capability and potential. It is assumed that the time he lived was ripe for exchange of knowledge, development in science and matured enough to advance the horizon of investigation in all fields. Renaissance humanism stressed on a serious rethink on the nature of art that focussed on accurate details. In painting and sculpture, artists focussed on not so casual but verifiable and minute details. Michelangelo’s paintings are no exception to it. In a study published in the journal of the Royal Society of medicine, a group of surgeons are of the opinion that the great master was “afflicted by an illness involving his joints”. They have used his portraits as evidence to argue their view. During his life, he complained of what he felt to be ‘gout’. Later he complained of his sore and stiff hands which the doctors would find to be natural for someone who was engaged in handmade art. The doctors found corroboration of those claims in portraits of the artist that show a hanging left hand with both degenerative and non-degenerative changes. They attribute the pain not just to arthritis, but to the stress of hammering and chiselling and note that though the master was seen hammering days before his death at an old age, he did not write or sign his own letters before his death. In recent times there have been attempts to diagnose famous artists with diseases that were not known during their time. This practice has raised many questions, especially on the issue of ethics in research. It is also inferred from authentic analysis that Michelangelo persisted in his work until his last days. This theory would emphasize that his artistic subject defied his physical infirmities.

Q.11. What generalisation do people subscribe to?

(A) Establishing facts by DNA tests.

(B) Inferring the essence of character from famous people’s handwriting.

(C) Carbon dating of the hair of celebrities to draw conclusion on their physical structure.

(D) To retroactively diagnose famous artists and public figures of conditions that were not prevalent during their time.

Answer : D

Q.12. Renaissance painting in Europe was sceptical of:

(A) The obsessive medieval method of accuracy.

(B) The classical simplicity and lack of control.

(C) The case and decorative excess of earlier art.

(D) Expressionist technique.

Answer : C

Q.13. The controversy that the passage above refers to is whether:

(A) Michelangelo worked under duress.

(B) Michelangelo could contain his physical infirmity by artistic excellence.

(C) Michelangelo submitted to disease.

(D) Michelangelo survived different diseases before pursing art.    

Answer : B 

Q.14. Michelangelo lived during a time that lets us know that:

(A) Human aspirations are limitless and open to new vistas of knowledge.

(B) Cross cultural exchange in ideas is the only way for human progress.

(C) It is progress of science and anatomy that contributes to civilizations exclusively.

(D) Human beings possess language which is the only key to knowledge.

Answer : A

Q.15. What actually may be concluded from the above passage?

(A) Physical infirmities do dissuade people with capabilities from excelling.

(B) Excellence in any form triumphs over extraneous factors including physical ailments.

(C) Michelangelo’s gout and other ailments lessened his efficiency.

(D) The diseases Michelangelo faced were due to constant hammering.

Answer : B

16. If the proposition ‘House are not bricks’ is taken to be false, then which of the following propositions can be true?

(a) All house are bricks.

(b) No house is brick.

(c) some houses are bricks.

(d) Some houses are not bricks.

Select the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) (b) and (c)

 (B) (a) and (d)

(C) (b) only

 (D) (c) only

Answer : D

17. The dance of the honeybee conveying to other bees where nectar will be found is an example of :

(A) Mass communication

(B) Group communication

(C) Interpersonal communication

(D) Intrapersonal communication

Answer : B

18. Oar is to rowboat as foot is to:

(A) running

(B) sneaker

(C) skateboard

(D) jumping

Answer : C

19. Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them. Which of the following conclusions could be validly drawn from the premises?

Premises:

(i) No paper is pen

(ii) Some paper is handmade

Conclusions:

(A) All paper is handmade

(B) Some handmade are pen

(C) Some handmade are not pen

(D) All handmade are paper

 Answer : C

20. In which of the following research studies interpretation and meaning get more attention than formulation of generalisations?

(i) Historical studies

(ii) Survey studies

(iii) Philosophical studies

(iv) Ethnographic studies

(v) Hypothetico-deductive studies

(vi) Ex-post facto studies

Choose your answer from the options given below:

(A) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(B) (iv), (v) and (vi)

(C) (ii), (iv) and (v)

(D) (i), (iii) and (iv)

Answer : D

21. If 152 is divided into four parts proportional to 3, 4, 5 and 7, then the smallest part is:

(A) 29

(B) 26

(C) 25

(D) 24

 Answer : D

22. Choose the correct sequence of communication from the options given below:

(A) Information – exposure – persuasion – behavioural change

(B) Persuasion – Information – behavioural change – exposure

(C) Exposure – Information – persuasion – behavioural change

(D) behavioural change – Information – persuasion – exposure

Answer : C

23. For all integers y > 1, <y> = 2y + (2y – 1) + (2y – 2) + ….+ 1.

What is the value of <3> * <2>? where × is a multiplication operator.

(A) 116    (B) 210

(C) 263

(D) 478

Answer : B

24. In a new budget, the price of petrol rose by 25%. By how much percent must a person reduce his consumption so that his expenditure on it does not increase?

(A) 10%

(B) 15%

(C) 20%

(D) 25%

Answer : C

25. Which of the following is a function of mass media?

(A) To transmit culture.

(B) To formulate national policies.

(C) To help the judiciary take its decisions.

(D) To stabilise the share market.

Answer : A

26. The proposition ‘No historians are non – mathematician’ is equivalent to which of the following proposition?

(A) All historians are mathematicians

(B) No historians are mathematicians

(C) Some historians are mathematicians

(D) Some historians are not mathematicians

Answer : A

27. A sum of money doubles at compound interest in 6 years. In how many years will it become 16 times?

(A) 16 years

(B) 24 years

(C) 48 years

(D) 96 years

 Answer : B

28. Identify the reasoning in the argument: ‘Use of teaching aids in the classroom to enhance learning is important in a similar way as that of the use of ICT for production of knowledge’

(A) Hypothetical

 (B) Analogical

(C) Inductive

(D) Deductive

Answer : B

29. In a classroom situation, a teacher organises group discussion to help arrive at a solution of a problem. In terms of a model of communication used, it will be called:

(A) A transactional model

(B) An interaction model

(C) A horizontal model

(D) A linear model

Answer : A 

30. Today’s media – society equation is largely:

(1) Mystical (2) Morally bound

(3) Consumer conscious (4) Tradition centric

 Answer : C

Q. (31-35): Consider the following table that shows the number (in lakhs) of different sizes of LED television sets sold by a company over the last seven years from 2012 to 2018. Answer the questions based on the data contained in the table:

Sale of LED television sets (in lakhs) of different sizes (in inches)

 31. What is the total sale of Television sets of size 49 – inches (in lakhs) over all the seven years?

(A) 912

(B) 896

(C) 879

(D) 869

Answer : D

32. What was the approximate percentage increase/decrease in the sales of 32–inch LED Television sets in 2017 compared to that in 2013?

(A) 36%

(B) 56%

(C) 57%

(D) 64%

Answer : B

33. For which size LED Television sets is the total sales of all the seven years the maximum?

(A) 22–inch Television

(B) 24–inch Television

(C) 32–inch Television

(D) 49–inch Television 

Answer : C

34. What is the difference in the number of 40–inch Television sets sold in 2013 and 2018?

(A) 1,600,000

(B) 1,500,000

(C) 15,000,000

(D) 16,000,000

 Answer : A

35. For which LED television set is the total sales of all the seven years the minimum?

(A) 22–inch Television

(B) 24–inch television

(C) 49–inch television

(D) 40–inch television

Answer : D

36. Select the true statement about an operating system (OS)?

(A) An OS controls peripheral, allocates memory and organises data into fields and records.

(B) An OS provides protection against viruses and controls peripherals.

(C) An OS controls peripheral, and allocates memory and processor time.

(D) An OS controls the processor and peripherals and allows the user to connect to the internet.

Answer : C

37. Which of the following is a type of malware intentionally inserted into a software system that will setoff a malicious function when specified conditions are met?

(A) Worm

(B) Trojan

(C) Spyware

(D) Logic bomb

Answer : D

38. Which of the following statements(s) is/are true in respect of wireless technology?

P: Bluetooth is a wireless technology which can be used to connect a headset to a mobile phone.

Q: Bluetooth is a long-range wireless technology and is a low cost means of data transfer.

(1) P only

(2) Q only

(3) Both P and Q

(4) Neither P nor Q

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Answer : A

 39. Assertion (A): High concentration of ozone in the troposphere is desirable.

Reasons (R): Ozone present in the atmosphere protects the living organisms on the surface of earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun.

Choose the correct answer from the option given below :

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(B) Both (A) and (R) true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(C) (A) is true but (R) is false

(D) (A) is false but (R) is true

Answer : D

40. In post-independence India, which one of the following committee/commission’s report deals with all levels of education in India?

(A) Sargeant commission

(B) Hartog committee

(C) Kothari commission

(D) Radhakrishnan commission

Answer : C

41. The present form of inter university board that was previously established for promoting cooperation and coordination among universities is:

(A) UGC

 (B) AIU

(C) NUEPA

(D) ICSSR

Answer : B

42. Which one of the following instructional designs is not a part of SWAYAM launched by government of India?

(A) E–tutorial

(B) E–Content

(C) Physical interaction

(D) Discussion forum   

Answer : C

43. Which one of the following pairs LEAST matches in respect of computers?

(A) 1 Giga Byte: (1024) × (1024) × (1024) × 8 bits

(B) CRT: Cathode Ray tube

(C) ROM: Rapid Online Memory

(D) CPU: Central Processing Unit

Answer : C 

44. Algal blooms in oligotrophic lakes are:

(A) very frequent

(B) frequent

(C) very rare

(D) widespread

Answer : C

45. Which of the following are priority areas in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals?

(a) No poverty

(b) Zero hunger

(c) Reducing urbanization

(d) Peace, justice and strong institutions

Choose the correct answer from the option given below :

(A) (a), (b), (c)

(B) (a), (c), (d)

(C) (b), (c), (d)

(D) (a), (b), (d)

Answer : D

46. Select the option that shows the storage devices in order of capacity from lowest to highest.

(A) CD–ROM, DVD–ROM, Blu–ray

(B) Blu–ray, CD–ROM, DVD–ROM

(C) DVD–ROM, Blu–ray, CD–ROM

(D) DVD–ROM, CD–ROM, Blu–ray

 Answer : A

47. Assertion (A): Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which blood is not able to carry and deliver enough oxygen to the body.

Reason (R): Consuming drinking water with high nitrate levels may cause methemoglobinemia.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(2) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(3) (A) is true but (R) is false

(4) (A) is false but (R) is true

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3 

D. 4

Answer : A

48. The Education commission of India that first took serious note of the problem of Brain drain was:

(A) The Education Commission of India

(B) The University Education Commission

(C) The Calcutta University Commission

(D) The Sargeant Commission

 Answer : A

49. Which of the following NOT correctly matched?

(i) Gyan Darshan – Satellite based educational T.V. channel

(ii) Gyan Vani – Educational FM radio network

(iii) MOOCs – Massive open online credits

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) only (i) and (ii)

(B) only (ii) and (iii)

(C) only (iii)

(D) only (i) and (iii)

Answer : C

50. In the last few years, India has been affected by which of the following tropical cyclones?

(A) Gaja, Hudhud, Bhima

(B) Hudhud, Bhima, Ockhi

(C) Gaja, Hudhud, Ockhi

(D) Gaja, Bhima, Ockhi

Answer : C

teaching is just to train the students so that they can stand on their own foot in society.

Effective teaching

->Adopt a student-centered approach.
->Teaching should stimulate thinking and develop students learning ability.
->Teachers should fulfil the needs of different learners.
->provide life-wide learning opportunities.
->Schools should strive for student autonomy in the learning
process by encouraging them to actively engage in sharing,
collaboration and exploration, thus enabling them to enjoy learning,
enhance their effectiveness in communication and develop their
creativity and sense of commitment.

Characteristics of a Effective teachers:

->clear about instructional goals.
->knowledgeable about curriculum content.
->communicate to their students.
->teach students metacognitive strategies and give them
opportunities to master them,it means processes designed for students to ‘think’ about their ‘thinking’.
->address higher- as well as lower-level cognitive
objectives
->monitor students’ understanding by offering regular
appropriate feedback.
->accept responsibility for student outcomes.

Three main aspects of teaching

1.Teacher
2.Student
3.Education

note: Ans are in bold.

Previous years Question from aspects of teaching

1. The teacher should promote—
(A) Anxiety among the students to complete the syllabus in a hurry
(B) Harassing the students for completing the work
(C) Encouraging interactive communication among students
(D) Punishment to a student whenever he puts a question

2.Teachers and parents give more importance to the development of intelligence among students as it facilitates—
(A) Academic achievement and social respectability
(B) Less risk taking behaviour
(C) Dependence behaviour
(D) Obedient behaviour

Nature and characteristics of teaching

1. The main character of teaching is to provide guidance and training.
2. Teaching is an interaction between teacher and students.
3. Teaching is an art to giving knowledge to students with effective way.
4. Teaching is a science to educate fact and causes of different topics of different subjects.
5. Teaching is continuing process.
6. A teacher can teach effectively if he has full confidence on the subject.
7. Teaching encourages students to learn more and more.
8. Teaching is formal as well as informal .
9. Teaching is communication of information to students.
10. Teaching is a tool to help the student to adjust himself in society and its environment.
11. Intellectual activity meaningful functioning of mind
    

PYQS of Nature and characteristics of teaching

1. The main aim of teaching is:
(A) To develop only reasoning
(B) To develop only thinking
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) To give information

2. An effective teacher is one who can:
(A) control the class
(B) give more information in less time
(C) motivate students to learn
(D) correct the assignments carefully

3.Which of the following statements is most appropriate?
(A) Teachers can teach.
(B) Teachers help can create in a student a desire to learn.
(C) Lecture Method can be used for developing thinking.
(D) Teachers are born.

4.Match the following

Code :

(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(2) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(3) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(4) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

5.What is the compulsory element of learning?
(a) Ability to read
(b) Bright Mind
(c) Tendency to know
(d) None of these.

6. If a student failed in any class what should be done to him?
(a) He should be given a chance to improve and sent to the
next class after he improves
(b) He should be kept in the same class
(c) He should be advised to leave studies
(d) All the above methods are right.

7.Why are curriculum activities used
in teaching?
(a) Make teaching easy
(b) To make teaching interesting,
easy to understand and effective
(c) To make teaching attractive
(d) To assist the teacher.

8.What are the three components of
the educational process?
(a) Education, teacher and books
(b) Teacher, student and education
(c) Teaching, learning and practice
(d) Direction, instruction and skill.

Different types of teaching Techniques

1. teacher-centred methods,
2. learner-centred methods,
3. content-focused methods and
4. interactive/participative methods.
5. Demonstrative method.

INSTRUCTOR/TEACHER CENTERED METHODS:

->Here the teacher casts himself/herself in the role of being a master of the subject matter.
->The teacher is looked upon by the learners as an expert or an authority.
->Learners on the other hand are presumed to be passive and copious recipients of knowledge from the teacher.
->Examples of such methods are expository or lecture methods – which require little or no involvement of learners in the teaching process.
->It is also for this lack of involvement of the learners in what they are taught, that such methods are called “closed-ended”.

LEARNER-CENTERED METHODS

->both a teacher and a learner at the same time play role as a teacher/instructor is .
->In the words of Lawrence Stenhouse, the teacher plays a dual role as a learner as well “so that in his classroom extends rather than constricts his intellectual horizons”.
->The teacher also learns new things everyday which he/she didn’t know in the process of teaching.
->The teacher, “becomes a resource rather than an authority”. ->Examples of learner-centered methods are discussion method, discovery or inquiry based approach and the Hill’s model of learning through discussion (LTD).

CONTENT-FOCUSED METHODS

->both the teacher and the learners have to fit into the content that is taught.
->Generally, this means the information and skills to be taught are very important.
->A lot of emphasis is laid on the clarity and careful analyses of content.
->An example of a method which subordinates the interests of the teacher and learners to the content is the programmed learning approach.

INTERACTIVE/PARTICIPATIVE METHODS

->These methods are driven by the situational analysis of what is the most appropriate thing for us to learn/do now given the situation of learners and the teacher.
->They require a participatory understanding of varied domains and factors.

Source:Digital library: nzdl.org

Demonstrative method:

The word demonstration means to give demos or to perform the particular activity or concept. In demonstration method, the teaching-learning process is carried in a systematic way.

It is the best suited method for explaining by taking example and performing activities/experiment.

It is highly helpful method in technical training where practical knowledge is required.

Characteristics of Demonstrative method:

1.Teacher centric.
2.Highly controllable
3.Efficient method to visualizing what is happening.
4.It can be repeated several times in order to get accurate result while performing some experimental activities.
5.Example/Evidence can be used to demonstrate the required matter.

Between Teacher-Centered and Learner-Centered Learning

Source: The National Capitol Language Resource Center (a project of the George Washington University)

1. What is called education acquired without any specific
   purpose, fixed period and place?
   (a) Indirect Education
   (b) Individual Education
   (c) Informal Education
   (d) Formal Education.